Body weight loss is a simple and useful indicator of prognosis and predictive tolerability in the first year of nintedanib therapy in patients with interstitial lung disease.

BACKGROUND: Nintedanib is generally safe and well tolerated and can improve prognosis in patients with various interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Appropriate management of adverse events of nintedanib is important to ensure its long-term persistent use. Weight loss is a routinely assessed adverse event in clinical practice. This study aimed to elucidate whether body weight change in the first year of nintedanib therapy can indicate prognosis and predict tolerability in patients with ILD. METHODS: We analysed 245 consecutive ILD patients treated with nintedanib. We calculated the slope of body weight change using baseline weight and that recorded closest after the first year and then categorized percent change in body weight at this time. Significant weight loss was defined as that ≥5%. RESULTS: Subjects included 67 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and 76 with non-IPF progressive fibrosing-ILD including fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 16), unclassifiable (n = 35), connective tissue disease-ILD (n = 21), and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (n = 4). Older age, low body weight at initial examination, significant weight loss, and lower %FVC were significant predictors of discontinuation of nintedanib. Patients with weight loss ≥5% over the first year showed worse survival than those with weight loss <5% regardless of whether IPF existed or BMI indicated obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Careful monitoring of body weight change might suggest useful information for predicting long-term use of nintedanib and mortality risk in ILD patients treated with nintedanib. Appropriate body weight management is needed to prevent adverse events of nintedanib itself.

Occlusion and catheter ablation using a large-size cryoballoon for various pulmonary veins: a case series.

Background: It is established that pulmonary vein isolation using the POLARx™ (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) cryoballoon is a rapid, safe, and effective approach. The new POLARx™ FIT (Boston Scientific), which is expandable from 28 to 31 mm in diameter, is currently available. However, there is limited evidence available regarding the treatment of atrial fibrillation in this setting. In this article, we report a case series of cryoballoon ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation using POLARx™ FIT. Case summary: This case series describes a comparison of obstruction in three patients with pulmonary veins of different shapes and diameters undergoing cryoballoon ablation and pulmonary vein isolation with a 31 mm diameter balloon. Discussion: Cryoballoon ablation using the 31 mm mode of POLARx™ FIT has the potential to provide safe and stable pulmonary vein isolation with good occlusion for a variety of pulmonary vein geometries. In this case series, the 31 mm mode of the POLARx™ FIT resulted in better pulmonary vein occlusion than the 28 mm mode in patients with large left atria and large pulmonary veins, including the left common pulmonary vein. This approach may be considered a first-line therapy option of cryoballoon ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Molecular Networks of Platinum Drugs and Their Interaction with microRNAs in Cancer.

The precise mechanism of resistance to anti-cancer drugs such as platinum drugs is not fully revealed. To reveal the mechanism of drug resistance, the molecular networks of anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, and arsenic trioxide were analyzed in several types of cancers. Since diffuse-type stomach adenocarcinoma, which has epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like characteristics, is more malignant than intestinal-type stomach adenocarcinoma, the gene expression and molecular networks in diffuse- and intestinal-type stomach adenocarcinomas were analyzed. Analysis of carboplatin revealed the causal network in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The upstream regulators of the molecular networks of cisplatin-treated lung adenocarcinoma included the anti-cancer drug trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. The upstream regulator analysis of cisplatin revealed an increase in FAS, BTG2, SESN1, and CDKN1A, and the involvement of the tumor microenvironment pathway. The molecular networks were predicted to interact with several microRNAs, which may contribute to the identification of new drug targets for drug-resistant cancer. Analysis of oxaliplatin, a platinum drug, revealed that the SPINK1 pancreatic cancer pathway is inactivated in ischemic cardiomyopathy. The study showed the importance of the molecular networks of anti-cancer drugs and tumor microenvironment in the treatment of cancer resistant to anti-cancer drugs.

Clinical significance of para-carinal air cysts in patients with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis: The relationship with pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax.

BACKGROUND: Para-tracheal or para-carinal air cysts (PACs) are often asymptomatic and usually detected incidentally by methods such as computed tomography. Their clinical significance is unclear in patients with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE). METHODS: We evaluated the clinical significance of PACs in PPFE and their relationship with pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax. RESULTS: In total, 50 patients had PPFE and 34 (68%) had PACs. Most PACs were para-carinal (n = 30). A para-tracheal air cyst was detected in only nine patients, which included five patients having both para-carinal and para-tracheal air cysts. Overall median survival was 24.7 months. Survival was not significantly different between the patients with [PACs(+)] and without PACs (P = 0.268). A high frequency (64%) of the complication of pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax occurred in the overall population during follow-up. Pneumomediastinum/pneumothorax occurred significantly more frequently in patients with PACs(+) than in those without (76.5% vs. 37.5%; P = 0.012). PACs(+) was the only significant risk factor for pneumomediastinum/pneumothorax. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that PACs commonly occur in patients with PPFE, and most PACs were para-carinal air cysts. Additionally, PACs(+) was a significant risk factor for pneumomediastinum/pneumothorax; therefore, clinicians should be more aware of these complications during follow-up examination, particular in PACs(+) patients with PPFE.

Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor-targeted antibody-drug conjugate demonstrates potent antitumor activity against epithelial ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a lethal malignant tumor, for which new treatment options are urgently required. Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is widely expressed in EOC, and it is associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we developed an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting LSR as a new therapeutic approach to EOC. METHODS: We, herein, developed novel anti-LSR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and an LSR-ADC by conjugating monomethyl auristatin E as a payload. We subsequently evaluated the in vitro and in vivo (on xenograft models) antitumor effect of the LSR-ADC. RESULTS: An overexpression of LSR was observed not only in the primary EOC tumor but also in its lymph node and omental metastases. The EOC cell lines NOVC7-C and OVCAR3 strongly expressed LSR (as compared to ES2 cells). Both the anti-LSR mAb and the LSR-ADC were able to specifically bind to LSR-positive cells and were rapidly internalized and trafficked to the lysosomes. The LSR-ADC demonstrated a potent antitumor effect against NOVC-7C and OVCAR3, but little activity against ES2 cells. In vitro, the LSR-ADC exhibited a potent antitumor effect against NOVC-7C and OVCAR3. Moreover, in the OVCAR3 xenograft models as well as in the patient-derived xenograft models of LSR-positive EOC, the LSR-ADC significantly inhibited tumor growth. The LSR-ADC also suppressed the omental/bowel metastases in OVCAR3-Luc xenografts and improved the median survival. CONCLUSION: The developed LSR-ADC demonstrated a significant antitumor activity against LSR-positive EOC cell lines and tumors. Our preclinical data support the use of the LSR-ADC as a novel therapy for patients with LSR-positive ovarian cancer.

ARHGAP-RhoA signaling provokes homotypic adhesion-triggered cell death of metastasized diffuse-type gastric cancer.

Genetic alteration of Rho GTPase-activating proteins (ARHGAP) and GTPase RhoA is a hallmark of diffuse-type gastric cancer and elucidating its biological significance is critical to comprehensively understanding this malignancy. Here, we report that gene fusions of ARHGAP6/ARHGAP26 are frequent genetic events in peritoneally-metastasized gastric and pancreatic cancer. From the malignant ascites of patients, we established gastric cancer cell lines that spontaneously gain hotspot RHOA mutations or four different ARHGAP6/ARHGAP26 fusions. These alterations critically downregulate RhoA-ROCK-MLC2 signaling, which elicits cell death. Omics and functional analyses revealed that the downstream signaling initiates actin stress fibers and reinforces intercellular junctions via several types of catenin. E-cadherin-centered homotypic adhesion followed by lysosomal membrane permeabilization is a pivotal mechanism in cell death. These findings support the tumor-suppressive nature of ARHGAP-RhoA signaling and might indicate a new avenue of drug discovery against this refractory cancer.

Patient background and prognosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in fibrosing interstitial lung disease.

Several previous reports have shown interstitial lung disease (ILD) to be a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). However, there is a lack of clarity regarding patient background and the prognostic factors in CPA associated with ILD (CPA-ILD). Therefore, we assessed these points to obtain valuable information for clinical practice. We retrospectively surveyed and collected data from 459 patients who had serum examination for anti-Aspergillus antibody. Of these patients, we extracted and investigated CPA-ILD patients. We ultimately analyzed 32 CPA-ILD patients. Patient background factors more frequently showed the patients to be older (mean: 74.9 years), male (75.0%), and to have a smoking history (71.9%). Median survival time from the diagnosis of ILD was 76.0 months, whereas that from the diagnosis of CPA-ILD was 25.5 months. No significant differences in survival were found in regard to each ILD pattern and the presence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A higher level of C-reactive protein was a significant predictor of mortality by Cox regression analysis. CPA complicating ILD is associated with poor prognosis. ILD patients with older age, male sex, and smoking history should be aware of the potential for the development of CPA in ILD. If such patients have elevated markers of inflammation, prompt induction of antifungal treatment may improve their prognosis. Clinicians should be aware of which complications of CPA may lead to a poor prognosis for any ILD not just those limited to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or usual interstitial pneumonia pattern.

A Comparative Study of Patient-Derived Tumor Models of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Involving Orthotopic Implantation.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is associated with very poor prognoses. Therefore, new therapies and preclinical models are urgently needed. In the present study, we sought to develop more realistic experimental models for use in PDA research. METHODS: We developed patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), established PDX-derived cell lines (PDCLs), and generated cell line-derived xenografts (CDXs), which we integrated to create 13 matched "trios" - i.e., patient-derived tumor models of PDA. We then compared and contrasted histological and molecular alterations between these three model systems. RESULTS: Orthotopic implantation (OI) of the PDCLs resulted in tumorigenesis and metastases to the liver and peritoneum. Morphological comparisons of OI-CDXs and OI-PDXs with passaged tumors revealed that the histopathological features of the original tumor were maintained in both models. Molecular alterations in PDX tumors (including those to KRAS, TP53, SMAD4, and CDKN2A) were similar to those in the respective PDCLs and CDX tumors. When gene expression levels in the PDCLs, ectopic tumors, and OI tumors were compared, the distant metastasis-promoting gene CXCR4 was specifically upregulated in OI tumors, whose immunohistochemical profiles suggested epithelial-mesenchymal transition and adeno-squamous trans-differentiation. CONCLUSION: These patient-derived tumor models provide useful tools for monitoring responses to antineoplastic agents and for studying PDA biology.

Aurora kinase blockade drives de novo addiction of cervical squamous cell carcinoma to druggable EGFR signalling.

Oncogenic signalling confers tumour-progression advantages; thus, its pharmacological blockade is the best strategy for cancer chemotherapy. However, drug resistance and heterogeneous dependency of tumour hamper their therapeutic potential, suggesting the necessity for a new ubiquitous modality based on evading drug resistance. Here, we proposed a de novo addiction to oncogenic signalling (Dead-On) concept, wherein specific blockade of target molecules forces cancer cells to develop dependency on an oncogenic signalling. In cervical squamous cell carcinoma cells, Aurora A/B dual blockade elicited rapid addiction to EGFR-Erk signalling, and its pharmacological/genetic inhibition synergistically enhanced anti-cancer activities in vitro, in vivo, and in a patient-derived organoid model. The signal activation was independent of EGFR genetic status, it was triggered by receptor accumulation on the plasma membrane via Rab11-mediated endocytic recycling machinery. These findings support our novel Dead-On concept which may lead to drug discovery as well as expand the adaptation of approved targeted drugs.

Response Predictive Markers and Synergistic Agents for Drug Repositioning of Statins in Ovarian Cancer.

In the field of drug repurposing, the use of statins for treating dyslipidemia is considered promising in ovarian cancer treatment based on epidemiological studies and basic research findings. Biomarkers should be established to identify patients who will respond to statin treatment to achieve clinical application. In the present study, we demonstrated that statins have a multifaceted mode of action in ovarian cancer and involve pathways other than protein prenylation. To identify biomarkers that predict the response to statins, we subjected ovarian cancer cells to microarray analysis and calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between gene expression and cell survival after statin treatment. The results showed that VDAC1 and LDLRAP1 were positively and negatively correlated with the response to statins, respectively. Histoculture drug response assays revealed that statins were effective in clinical samples. We also confirmed the synergistic effects of statins with paclitaxel and panobinostat and determined that statins are hematologically safe to administer to statin-treated mice. Future clinical trials based on the expression of the biomarkers identified in this study for repurposing statins for ovarian cancer treatment are warranted.

Impact of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (ILD) in ILD patients complicated with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax.

BACKGROUND: Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) in interstitial lung disease (ILD) may influence prognosis of any ILD, and SSP onset predicts poor outcome in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Recently, progressive fibrosing ILD (PF-ILD) has rapidly acquired importance. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that PF-ILD would strongly influence the prognosis of patients with any ILD complicated with SSP. METHODS: We retrospectively surveyed and collected data from patients hospitalized for SSP from January 2016 to June 2020. PF-ILD was defined as the following occurring within 24 months before SSP develops: relative decline in %forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥10% or two of the following: relative decline in %FVC between 5% and 10%, worsening respiratory symptoms, or increased extent of fibrosis on high-resolution computed tomography. RESULTS: We analyzed 32 patients hospitalized for SSP in ILD. This study comprised 18 patients with PF-ILD and 14 patients with non-PF-ILD. PF-ILD patients had lower body mass index (BMI) and %FVC. No significant differences in survival regarding follow-up period from the time of ILD diagnosis and hospitalization for SSP were observed between the PF-ILD and non-PF-ILD patients. Older age and lower BMI were significant predictors of mortality by multivariate Cox regression analysis. ROC analysis showed BMI ≤17.8 kg/m2 to reliably predict poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of whether patients have PF-ILD, older age and lower BMI in patients with ILD places them at higher risk of developing SSP, and prognosis is poor if SSP develops. Therefore, clinical management of physique is important to improve the prognosis of ILD patients.

Cell Cycle Regulation and DNA Damage Response Networks in Diffuse- and Intestinal-Type Gastric Cancer.

Dynamic regulation in molecular networks including cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response play an important role in cancer. To reveal the feature of cancer malignancy, gene expression and network regulation were profiled in diffuse- and intestinal-type gastric cancer (GC). The results of the network analysis with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that the activation states of several canonical pathways related to cell cycle regulation were altered. The G1/S checkpoint regulation pathway was activated in diffuse-type GC compared to intestinal-type GC, while canonical pathways of the cell cycle control of chromosomal replication, and the cyclin and cell cycle regulation, were activated in intestinal-type GC compared to diffuse-type GC. A canonical pathway on the role of BRCA1 in the DNA damage response was activated in intestinal-type GC compared to diffuse-type GC, where gene expression of BRCA1, which is related to G1/S phase transition, was upregulated in intestinal-type GC compared to diffuse-type GC. Several microRNAs (miRNAs), such as mir-10, mir-17, mir-19, mir-194, mir-224, mir-25, mir-34, mir-451 and mir-605, were identified to have direct relationships in the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint regulation pathway. Additionally, cell cycle regulation may be altered in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) conditions. The alterations in the activation states of the pathways related to cell cycle regulation in diffuse- and intestinal-type GC highlighted the significance of cell cycle regulation in EMT.

Prognostic value of radiological findings indeterminate for UIP pattern and anterior upper lobe honeycomb-like lesion in chronic fibrosing interstitial lung disease associated with MPO-ANCA.

BACKGROUND: Myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) is often positive in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), which is also often present in patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). A possible association between MPO-ANCA, MPA, and idiopathic ILD remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) classification based on recent idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis guideline and specific CT findings can obtain new knowledge of prognostic factors in all MPO-ANCA-positive patients with ILD including both idiopathic ILD and MPA-ILD. METHODS: We analyzed 101 consecutive MPO-ANCA-positive patients with respiratory disease. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of CT findings, HRCT pattern, and specific radiological signs. Prognostic predictors were determined using Cox regression models. RESULTS: Subjects with chronic ILD included 22 patients with MPA-ILD and 39 patients with ILD but without MPA. A quarter of the patients were radiological indeterminate for usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern, which resulted in a better prognosis than that for UIP pattern. "Increased attenuation around honeycomb and traction bronchiectasis" and "anterior upper lobe honeycomb-like lesion" were found to be highly frequent radiological findings (39% and 30%, respectively). In addition, the latter finding was a significant negative prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Radiological indeterminate for UIP was a useful HRCT classification in MPO-ANCA-positive patients with ILD. In addition, anterior upper lobe honeycomb-like lesion was found to be specific radiological finding that was a significant prognostic factor. The present results might aid in the assessment of appropriate strategies of diagnosis in these patients.

27-gauge trocar-assisted sutureless intraocular lens fixation.

BACKGROUNDS: However there have been numerous investigations of intrascleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation techniques, there is room for improvement in terms of simplifying complicated techniques and reducing the high levels of skill required. This study aimed to report a novel technique for sutureless intrascleral fixation of the IOL using retinal forceps with a 27-gauge trocar. METHODS: Nineteen eyes of 18 patients underwent intrascleral fixation of the IOL from July 2018 to September 2019 were enrolled in this study. A 27-gauge trocar formed 3-mm scleral tunnels positioned at 4 and 10 o'clock, 2 mm from the corneal limbus. We used a 3-piece IOL haptic grasped by a 27-gauge retinal forceps and pulled from the 27-gauge trocar. The IOL was fixed by making a flange. Main outcome measures were visual acuity, corneal endothelial cell density, IOL tilt, decentration, predicted error of refraction and complications. RESULTS: The 19 eyes were followed up for 1 month. The mean pre- and postoperative logMAR uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was 1.06 ± 0.63 and 0.40 ± 0.26, respectively (p < 0.01), while the mean pre- and postoperative logMAR best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.27 ± 0.51 and 0.06 ± 0.15, respectively (p = 0.09). The mean corneal endothelial cell density was 2406 ± 625 to 2004 ± 759 cells/mm2 at 1 month (p = 0.13). The mean IOL tilt was 3.52 ± 3.00°, and the mean IOL decentration was 0.39 ± 0.39 mm. There was no correlation among IOL tilt, decentration and BCVA (p > 0.05). The mean prediction error of the target refraction was - 0.03 ± 0.93 D. The complications were vitreous hemorrhage (3 eyes), hyphema (1 eye), IOP elevation (1 eye), iris capture of the IOL (1 eye) and hypotony (2 eyes). No IOL dislocation occurred. CONCLUSIONS: IOL intrascleral fixation with a flange achieved good IOL fixation and visual outcome in the scleral tunnels created with the 27-gauge trocar.

Multi-omic profiling of peritoneal metastases in gastric cancer identifies molecular subtypes and therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Peritoneal metastasis, a hallmark of incurable advanced gastric cancer (GC), presently has no curative therapy and its molecular features have not been examined extensively. Here we present a comprehensive multi-omic analysis of malignant ascitic fluid samples and their corresponding tumor cell lines from 98 patients, including whole-genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation and enhancer landscape. We identify a higher frequency of receptor tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway alterations compared to primary GC; moreover, approximately half of the gene alterations are potentially treatable with targeted therapy. Our analyses also stratify ascites-disseminated GC into two distinct molecular subtypes: one displaying active super enhancers (SEs) at the ELF3, KLF5 and EHF loci, and a second subtype bearing transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) pathway activation through SMAD3 SE activation and high expression of transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-1 (TEAD1). In the TGF-ß subtype, inhibition of the TEAD pathway circumvents therapy resistance, suggesting a potential molecular-guided therapeutic strategy for this subtype of intractable GC.

Molecular Network Profiling in Intestinal- and Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) feature and drug resistance, which are the main hallmarks of cancer malignancy. Although previous findings have shown that several signaling pathways are activated in cancer progression, the precise mechanism of signaling pathways in EMT and CSCs are not fully understood. In this study, we focused on the intestinal and diffuse-type gastric cancer (GC) and analyzed the gene expression of public RNAseq data to understand the molecular pathway regulation in different subtypes of gastric cancer. Network pathway analysis was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). A total of 2815 probe set IDs were significantly different between intestinal- and diffuse-type GC data in cBioPortal Cancer Genomics. Our analysis uncovered 10 genes including male-specific lethal 3 homolog (Drosophila) pseudogene 1 (MSL3P1), CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B (CKS1B), DEAD-box helicase 27 (DDX27), golgi to ER traffic protein 4 (GET4), chromosome segregation 1 like (CSE1L), translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34 (TOMM34), YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 (YTHDF1), ribonucleic acid export 1 (RAE1), par-6 family cell polarity regulator beta (PARD6B), and MRG domain binding protein (MRGBP), which have differences in gene expression between intestinal- and diffuse-type GC. A total of 463 direct relationships with three molecules (MYC, NTRK1, UBE2M) were found in the biomarker-filtered network generated by network pathway analysis. The networks and features in intestinal- and diffuse-type GC have been investigated and profiled in bioinformatics. Our results revealed the signaling pathway networks in intestinal- and diffuse-type GC, bringing new light for the elucidation of drug resistance mechanisms in CSCs.

The potential utility of anterior upper lobe honeycomb-like lesion in interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease.

BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue disease (CTD). Because some patients with CTD overlap present with ILD first, with CTD diagnosed later, specific radiologic signs are needed to help differentiate each CTD or CTD-ILD from idiopathic ILD. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether specific CT findings can help differentiate CTD as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), or polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM). METHODS: We analyzed 143 consecutive ILD patients with RA, SSc, or PM/DM. We assessed diagnostic accuracy of CT findings of CTD-ILD, CT pattern, and signs including "anterior upper lobe honeycomb-like lesion" and "low attenuation area (LAA) within an interstitial abnormality" for each CTD-ILD. Prognostic predictors were determined using Cox regression models. RESULTS: Subjects were 78 patients with RA-ILD, 38 with SSc-ILD, 24 with PM/DM-ILD, and 3 with overlapping CTD-ILD. High frequency of anterior upper lobe honeycomb-like lesion suggests that CTD-ILD is due to RA-ILD (22%) rather than SSc-ILD (8%) or PM/DM-ILD (8%), whereas LAA within an interstitial abnormality suggests that CTD-ILD is due to SSc-ILD (26%) rather than RA-ILD (4%) or PM/DM-ILD (0%). Multivariate analysis showed that while not associated with survival, current or ex-smoker, honeycombing, and acute exacerbation were negative prognostic factors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The tendency is high for RA-ILD, in which anterior upper lobe honeycomb-like lesion is a specific feature, to show UIP or NSIP/UIP pattern, combined emphysema, and honeycombing; SSc-ILD to show NSIP pattern and LAA within an interstitial abnormality; and PM/DM-ILD to show NSIP pattern and non-honeycombing.

Report of the use of patient-derived xenograft models in the development of anticancer drugs in Japan.

Cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) models created by implanting cancer cell lines into immunodeficient mice have contributed largely to the development of cancer drug therapies. However, cell lines often lose their original biological characteristics through many passages and cancer tissues in CDX models have many cancer cells and few cancer stromal cells, therefore CDX models are currently considered not suitable for predicting the results of clinical studies. Conversely, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are gaining importance, as human cancer biological characteristics and microenvironments are recreated by implanting tumor tissue into immunodeficient mice. These highly expected, evidently beneficial PDX models have been used in some basic research and are becoming more generalized. However, quality control and quality assurance criteria have not been established for them, and challenges and problems in the utilization of valuable PDX models in drug development have yet to be clarified. In this report, we conducted a questionnaire survey among researchers in Japanese academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies to understand the current status of PDX models in Japan. Based on the questionnaire results, we summarized the situations surrounding respondent's utilization and quality control in the development of anticancer drugs and proposed several measures to facilitate the utilization of PDX models in the development of anticancer drugs.

PPARα activation directly upregulates thrombomodulin in the diabetic retina.

Two large clinical studies showed that fenofibrate, a commonly used peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, has protective effects against diabetic retinopathy. However, the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. We performed genome-wide analyses of gene expression and PPARα binding sites in vascular endothelial cells treated with the selective PPARα modulator pemafibrate and identified 221 target genes of PPARα including THBD, which encodes thrombomodulin (TM). ChIP-qPCR and luciferase reporter analyses showed that PPARα directly regulated THBD expression via binding to the promoter. In the rat diabetic retina, treatment with pemafibrate inhibited the expression of inflammatory molecules such as VCAM-1 and MCP1, and these effects were attenuated by intravitreal injection of small interfering RNA targeted to THBD. Furthermore, pemafibrate treatment inhibited diabetes-induced vascular leukostasis and leakage through the upregulation of THBD. Our results indicate that PPARα activation inhibits inflammatory and vasopermeable responses in the diabetic retina through the upregulation of TM.

Bacterial SOS Genes mucAB/umuDC Promote Mouse Tumors by Activating Oncogenes Nedd9/Aurkb via a miR-145 Sponge.

The mechanism of cancer induction involves an aberrant expression of oncogenes whose functions can be controlled by RNAi with miRNA. Even foreign bacterial RNA may interfere with the expression of oncogenes. Here we show that bacterial plasmid mucAB and its Escherichia coli genomic homolog umuDC, carrying homologies that match the mouse anti-miR-145, sequestered the miR-145 function in mouse BALB 3T3 cells in a tetracycline (Tet)-inducible manner, activated oncogene Nedd9 and its downstream Aurkb, and further enhanced microcolony formation and cellular transformation as well as the short fragments of the bacterial gene containing the anti-miR-145 sequence. Furthermore, mucAB transgenic mice showed a 1.7-fold elevated tumor incidence compared with wild-type mice after treatments with 3-methylcolanthrene. However, the mutation frequency in intestinal stem cells of the mucAB transgenic mice was unchanged after treatment with X-rays or ethyl-nitrosourea, indicating that the target of mucAB/umuDC is the promotion stage in carcinogenesis. IMPLICATIONS: Foreign bacterial genes can exert oncogenic activity via RNAi, if endogenously expressed. VISUAL OVERVIEW: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/18/9/1271/F1.large.jpg.